Wanting to become an auditor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Needing to turn into an examiner - Essay Example The actual purpose of the law is exhibited by analyzing the genuine objectives of an organization, which furnish it with moral bearing and by inspecting the obligations of the bookkeeping experts who are responsible to the organization just as the overall population. These expert obligations are controlled by their genuine financial capacities. The significant obligations of the outer reviewer are first, to assess budget reports and guarantee that such articulations mirror the money related realities of an organization and second, to intently screen the budgetary markets and inquiry sporadic practices that would jumble the realities. To accomplish these destinations the evaluator needs to fall back on proficient skepticism.1 The ability of a bookkeeper is dependant to an enormous degree on the expertise had in taking care of numbers. Since, this ability can be utilized to distort and mutilate the genuine position, it must be reasoned that without profound quality a decent bookkeeper is definitely not a good or moral bookkeeper. The auditor’s obligation is to guarantee that bookkeeping or the language of business is appropriately used with the goal that the budgetary information is deciphered effectively. Also, the capacity of the autonomous inspector is that of a guard dog and the evaluator needs to guarantee that the companys appraisals are sensible and not at difference with the truth. Further, these evaluations are to be made based on a steady arrangement, which doesn't change throughout the years. It is the obligation of the outer inspector to affirm that the budget summary of an organization reasonably speaks to its money related situation as such affirmations are basic necessities for a productive monetary market. The soul behind these capacities has been truly damaged as of late. Daze emphasis on consistence with the standards, practices and shows has consigned to the foundation the terrifically significant necessity that fiscal summaries ought to give clear and unambiguous subtleties of the

The American Flatbread Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The American Flatbread - Case Study Example They have confidence in dealing with the client and the worker, and continually paying special mind to the eventual benefits of the individuals, not the business, while keeping up a solid, new, and thrilling condition to work and eat in. George Schenk is the originator of American Flatbread. He possesses the business as well as plays a huge job in the day by day exercises of running the organization alongside his supervisory crew. One of his convictions is that it doesn't make a difference who thought of the best thought; the best thought will be the picked game-plan. In the video, he referenced that on occasion there are contentions between the supervisory crew, however that every individual must bite the bullet for the advancement of the organization. He additionally expressed that by giving every representative a voice in the organization, it prompts better thoughts; and workers play a possession job in doing the best employment they can in light of the fact that they realize their assessments matter. Schenk set up the Medicine Wheel Project and Organic Food for Public Schools extends that has helped construct his name and food methods of reasoning across the nation. He has likewise composed a wide range of articl es expressing his ways of thinking and convictions to the culinary network just as taking a solid position in political exercises in the territory of Vermont. American Flatbread rehearses a wide range of socially mindful exercises that have made it well-prestigious. The American Flatbread cafés hold â€Å"Benefit Bakes†, which are gathering pledges occasions to fund-raise for social causes, for example, general wellbeing facilities and the protecting nature territories. The organization additionally serves food to clinical patients, clinical work force and the entirety of their families through the â€Å"Medicine Wheel† program. Schenk has additionally requested that individuals from the network that are confronting intense occasions can come to American Flatbread and they will have flatbreads on the house. It is significant for independent companies to personally interface with their networks so that as one battles,

Short Story Playing With Fire English Literature Essay

Short Story Playing With Fire English Literature Essay Mental disarranges I performed astoundingly in school, had moderately close associations with my family and kept a respectful gathering of companions; in any case, the entirety of my contemplations, activities and feelings could be tossed into disorder with seeing a solitary fire. Arsonist tendencies, it was called. It was additionally the motivation behind why I was constrained by my mom to result in these present circumstances inept gathering recovery focus. Wherever I went, there was a thick air of strain between everybody that appeared to be difficult to break. Regardless of this condition, for as far back as month, I had the option to keep my levelheadedness every day with the organization of one young lady. From the absolute first day, she was the main individual in the room who wore a grin the whole time. With long, earthy colored hair, differentiating her light complexion, and a look of certainty all over, I thought of no motivation behind why she ought to be here. Until I sa w something which profoundly fascinated me: Her emerald green eyes, in contrast to the remainder of her appearance, didn't mirror a similar warmth and energy. Or maybe, they had a constant melancholic look that would consistently part with her actual feelings, so I tended to abstain from looking at her without flinching at whatever point I conversed with her. Today, as I plunked down along the check of the walkway, from my back pocket, I took out a plastic holder and flicked the little wheel, touching off a little, yet emphatically consuming fire. You shouldnt be smoking at your age. It will just end with a long and excruciating demise. I dont smoke, I said as I pivoted to confront the voice, arsonist tendencies is not the same as a nicotine fixation. Casey, I swear I disclosed this to you a day or two ago. She plunked down close to me, inclining in towards the fire. Ok, however its despite everything dependent on a similar standard isnt it? Fire, annihilation, and passing. She had a somewhat tormented appearance all over before she included, How you can discover the blazes wonderful? They just help me to remember torment and mishap. Dont behave recklessly, Parker. Youre just going to get scorched. I consider that occasionally too, I answered. What had caused this undesirable liking towards the blazes? This amazing dependence towards fire? From the start, it was only an interest as a kid, however there was a point in time where it totally assumed control over my activities. The occasions of that night waited with me even at this point. Everything about recorded profound into my recollections; from the warmth of the fire, to the lighter I used to set the house ablaze㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Stand aside kid, came the abrupt voice of a cop. Go get your folks. Its undependable to be here. I was generally pushed behind the yellow police tape as the official rushed back to his vehicle, and the sound of alarms became stronger. From a protected separation, I stopped, hypnotized by the rough orange burst that kept on inundating the house before me. Dabs of sweat started framing over my temple from the singing warmth produced by the consuming house. Twenty minutes: that was all it took for the house to be totally eaten up by the consuming flares, and for the whole structure to start self-destructing. Thick surges of smoke gathered, making it increasingly more hard to inhale as the fire expended the oxygen close by. The snapping of the wooden pillars became stronger, with the house on the edge of breakdown. All of a sudden, a young lady separated from the group and ran towards the flares, just to be kept down by a similar official as in the past. My folks are still in there! If it's not too much trouble Somebody, anybody, help them! I-I dont need them to㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ however her final words were cut off as the remainder of the supporting bars fallen. Tears flooded from her eyes as she tumbled to the ground, totally defenseless and damaged. On the other hand, from in the midst of the frenzy of the horde of spectators, I remained totally quiet, never looking away from the blast for a solitary second. It was too lovely a sight to turn away from, as the blazes proceeded with their move in the breeze. It resembled a mammoth blaze, sending flashes flying all over. The night sky was lit up with its splendid orange sparkle, making it as brilliant as day. I came to advance, feeling the warmth of the fire become more grounded against my palm, and for only a couple of seconds, time appeared to stop㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ This was over eight years prior; I was just ten years of age. I heard the next morning that the inhabitants of the house didn't endure the blast from that night, however at that age, I couldnt recognize life and passing, nor did I understand the seriousness of my activities. Right up 'til today, I despite everything can't review the specific explanation behind lighting the fire. Everything I could recall was seeing the gleaming flares in the night, lamenting nothing. Be that as it may, for these eight years, I had been harboring this memory to myself, declining to tell a spirit. Prior on, I pondered telling Casey, however in the wake of seeing her tormented articulation towards the littlest flash of a fire, I couldnt force myself to do as such. For the month that Ive known you, Ive saw that you space out a great deal, said Casey, exhibiting her point by waving her submit front of my face. Grinning, she proceeded, the smell of the lighter liquid must be influencing your cerebrum some way or another. I came back to the real world. Acknowledging she was correct, I countered, I can fix this issue fine and dandy without your info. At any rate, why dont you ever talk about your issues for once? Its been a month, I despite everything think nothing about you. I dont even know why you looked into recovery in any case. That is to, supposedly, theres nothing amiss with you. It was my choice to make, Casey answered, watching the passing vehicles out and about. In any case, why dont you help yourself out? Settle up with this exhausting place and spend the rest of the times of summer back home with your family. What do you know? Have you at any point thought to consider that Im here on purpose? I cannot come back to my family regardless of whether I need to. She stood up unexpectedly, and began strolling back towards the recovery place. Out of drive, I stood up too, looking. Just because, I saw her frown, however what was unquestionably all the more scary was the antagonistic vibe in her look; even from a reasonable separation, I could detect it. My remark unquestionably hit a nerve. Prior to arriving at the entryway, she thought back one final time and stated, Its going to rain. You should head inside the office soon, and she hammered the entryway behind her. Exasperated, I took out my lighter, attempting to light a little fire to facilitate my pressure, yet it was no utilization. Out of lighter liquid, I murmured, so at long last, you got what you needed, fairly. Sick need to get another one tomorrow. I sat down along the control of the walkway, when minutes after the fact, I felt a light shower of downpour against my skin. What a discerning individual. For the remainder of the week, I evaded Casey, until I saw her weaving something blue in the hall. I chose not to begin a discussion with her. Rather, I plunked down in a seat opposite her, gazing eagerly at the dreary movements she made as the texture developed longer. Sooner or later, she moaned lastly addressed me. Im weaving a scarf to put on a teddy bear. Its for my infant siblings birthday. I havent seen him in some time though㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Her voice was discouraged, yet she proceeded, however I have a license to go visit him and my family tomorrow. This is a clumsy inquiry, however do you mind accompanying me? Sick comprehend on the off chance that you cant, however youre one of only a handful barely any individuals that I trust here. Sooner or later of reasoning, I figured out how to give a gesture and everything was arranged out for tomorrow. As she left the hall, her grin had returned. Much to my dismay that there was quite a lot more that she escaped me behind that grin. At precisely 10 AM, I come back to a similar recognize that I sat in yesterday, and I saw how void the whole anteroom appeared without Casey there. At any rate, I was certain the disposition would change when she showed up. Five minutes passed; fifteen minutes passed; forty five minutes passed, and I turned out to be surprisingly stressed. I mulled over going outside to light a fire with my lighter, however it would be horrendous for her to see me like that. Rather, I chose to go get her. Be that as it may, this was more difficult than one might expect, in light of the fact that the recovery community had numerous rooms, and I had no clue where she was remaining. All things considered, I went around the structure searching for her, looking through each passage, checking the patio, thumping on ways to inquire as to whether anybody knew where she was staying, however without much of any result. Winded, I stopped and passed by the young ladies washroom, when I heard quieted crying origi nating from behind the entryway. Could that be her? Pulling up nearer, I called her name, however there was no answer. As unbalanced as it was to enter, my anxiety for whoever was in there exceeded my shame. In any case, I was astonished at what I found. It was Casey, yet not how I anticipated. She was perched on the floor, wailing, her correct arm covering her eyes, yet not the tears from her face. From a separation, I could see the gleam from the red tinted sharp edge on the tiled floor. Her left arm was loaded up with scars, with three new slices stumbling into them. A constant flow of blood spilled out of them, enough to shape a little puddle of ruby close to her. Imprudently, I ran towards her, removed my sweater to absorb the blood and I held her in my arms. Her crying just became stronger, however as she laid her head on my shoulder, I felt vulnerable, realizing this was everything I could accomplish for her. For what appeared time everlasting, we remained that way, her cries inevitably subsiding to a slight whine as I murmured Its alright again and again. Her voice unstable and in quieted tones, she stated, My child sibling and my folks arent really alive. They spent away eight years prior. There was a terrible fire that set my home ablaze. I figured out how to escape securely, yet my folks, they thought I was still inside. They returned inside for me, and they never returned out. They yielded themselves in vain, and it was my flaw! I wish I had kicked the bucket rather than th

How to Write Custom Research Paper Fast

How to Write Custom Research Paper FastIf you want to become a great researcher, then one of the best things that you can do is to learn how to write custom research paper fast. This is because this kind of paper will help you to gain more credits in your degree, and it will also help you to start getting better results on your exams.First of all, you need to know how to write custom research paper fast if you want to become a good researcher. This means that you should focus on the type of paper that you want to write. For example, if you are going to write an essay for an exam, then you should consider writing a short study guide on a particular topic.Now, you can see how there are different types of papers that you can write, and you also need to know what kinds of questions you should ask while doing research paper. For example, if you are going to write a short study guide on a particular topic, then you will need to know what kinds of questions you should ask and how you should answer them.This is how you can learn how to write custom research paper fast. All you need to do is to know what kind of questions you should ask and how you should answer them. That is all there is to it.The best thing about writing custom research paper fast is that you can get better results faster. It means that you will be able to get better grades in your studies. By giving yourself the resources you need, you will be able to use them to your advantage and get more credits.Another benefit of learning how to write custom research paper fast is that you will have more chances to impress professors. In fact, this is what will make you stand out from other students who don't have the resources to help them write a custom research paper fast. That is because by taking action, you are basically stating that you are one of the best students.It is important that you take the time to learn how to write custom research paper fast so that you can boost your grades and get better result s. This will help you get the credits that you need for your degree.

Swot Analysis Marketing Planning Process - 1987 Words

Introduction This essay will critically evaluate the contribution that SWOT framework has brought to the marketing planning process. The essay will firstly explain the importance of SWOT used as an analysis tool in the field of marketing and concisely introduce the definition of SWOT along with the case of Coca Cola Company as an example. Next, the disadvantages and advantages of SWOT framework will be discussed in order to realize how the model was used in reality and theoretically. After that, there will be a few cases of SWOT being misused by the managers and marketers. Subsequently, the possible solutions of how the model can be used more effectively and efficiently will be given. The definition of SWOT Marketers consider internal auditing when they want to learn more about the situation within the organization, while investigate the external audit when they long for the information about outside environment. One of the tools that can help marketers to realize the internal and external factors of an organization is SWOT analysis framework. (Wood, 2007) The origin of SWOT can be traced back to 1960s during a seminar in Zurich and the framework was originally introduced by researches of Harvard University (Learned et al., 1965). The acronym for SWOT is strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Strengths are a firm’s resources and capabilities that can be employed as a foundation to facilitate it to achieve objectives and mitigate threats (Wood, 2007). For instance,Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Marketing Planning Procedures1303 Words   |  6 Pages The SWOT Analysis and its Importance in Marketing Planning    Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to run a thriving business, you must be very knowledgeable about your customers, operation, competitors and the environment.  When it comes to market planning  many important factors must be taken into consideration. According to the business dictionary market planning is the procedure of examining one or more of prospective marketplacesRead MoreMarketing Strategic Planning : Marketing Strategy1042 Words   |  5 Pages2.4 MARKETING STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS Marketing strategic planning is a management tool to help the organization does better work and understand how to compete for the future. It is a guiding process for the members of an organization developing them necessary procedures and operations in the future. Like a decisions strategy for the organization process, as the process of growing and maintaining a strategic fit between target of organization and capability and it’s changing marketing opportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Modern Enterprise Management And Planning1458 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement and planning, SWOT analysis is a widely known diagnostic tool. Generally SWOT analysis is used to identify the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the enterprise itself, and then combine the company s strategy with the internal resources and external environment. In fact, it is a systematic framework which helps managers to build organization strategies and market planning. However, Some findings from Menon (1999) and Hill and Westbrook (1997) have suggested that SWOT may harmRead MoreSwot Analysis1676 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a research project at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data Strategic Use: OrientingRead MoreStrategy Planning : Strategic Planning1543 Words   |  7 Pagesa) What do you understand by the term â€Å"strategic Planning† Strategic planning is a process that implement by an organization/corporation to develop a plan to achieve its objectives of its overall long-term organizational goals. In marketing, strategic planning is to anticipate the possible outcome and determine the best method to achieve organizational objectives. In order to achieve organizational objectives, an organization has to plan its strategy and direction as well as decide on allocatingRead MoreMarketing Plan For Organization / Alcor Petro Lab Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pages Marketing Plan for Organization/Alcor Petro lab Proposed by: Morris Crowder Submitted to: BUSN-319-10074 DeVry University September 24, 2016 INTRODUCTION The marketing planning is very essential for Alcor Petro lab to be successful in the local and global market. This involves an outline of the organization and their complete marketing efforts. Being that marketing in the RD petroleum world isn’t done by radio, TV nor newspaper it has to be very noticeable on all job search sites asRead MoreSwot Analysis : Marketing And Management1370 Words   |  6 PagesMany individuals in the marketing and management industry understand the acronym SWOT, Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats but have no idea of the impact this analysis has on the business, or internal and external factors that are involved. Typically, managers’ ï ¬ rst consider internal strengths and weaknesses (at the top row of the 2x2 grid) which can include image, structure, access to natural resources, capacity and efï ¬ ciency, and ï ¬ nancial resources. It is the foundation for understandingRead MoreEssay about The Market Orientated Firm.1638 W ords   |  7 Pageswhat it is to be a marketing orientated firm; firstly a business needs to know what marketing is. According to the UKs Chartered institute of Marketing (CIM): Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably (CIM1) Marketing is the only process that goes hand in hand with the company strategy and is integrated in all functions and departments of the firm. People tend to think marketing is about advertisingRead MoreA Marketing Plan For A New Marketing Strategy966 Words   |  4 Pageslegal requirements and, on the other hand, defines the organization’s policy administration. For a triumphant marketing plan, understanding the government legal approaches allows for efficient operation and inter-relationship with other organization. Similarly, internal legal policies allow the company to uphold its operation in a set manner. 4.0: Marketing Audit A market audit process is a tool that can never be neglected despite the situation. However, very few companies carry out comprehensiveRead MoreHummer1047 Words   |  5 PagesEvery marketing strategy is unique, but can be reduced into a generic marketing strategy. There are a number of ways of categorizing these generic strategies. A brief description of the most common categorizing schemes is presented below:† (David, 1989). 1. Strategies based on market dominance: In this scheme, firms are classified based on their market share or dominance of an industry. Typically there are three types of market dominance strategies: a. Leader b. Challenger c. Follower

Ralph Waldo Emerson s Philosophy On Truth And Lies

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay, Nature further examines the ideas of truth and concepts introduced by Friedrich Nietzsche in On Truth and Lies in a Non-Moral Sense. Nietzsche interpretations of the truths of the universe and the language we use to enforce those truths were wrong. Nietzsche, like Emerson, believed we had to conceive our own knowledge and truth in the universe, however, he did not introduce how to go about doing so. Emerson, furthers Nietzsche’s theory on truth and concepts into his own theory on Nature and proposes knowledge on how to go about seeking these truths for yourself. Nietzsche’s theory of truth states that truth in itself is a metaphor. Nietzsche was the opposite of Emerson because he had an existentialist view on the world. Whereas, Emerson believed there was a god and that he performed great miracles, giving him a transcendentalist view on the world. Nietzsche titles his essay, On Truth and Lies in a Non-moral Sense, because we receive o ur morals from our religious beliefs, but since he did not believe in a god, that highlights even further his dismay with â€Å"truths† in our language. We are told these concepts that we tell ourselves and convince ourselves are true, just to develop a logical sense of truth in our society. He believed we all formed these concepts or categories in where we group individual objects together to make sense of them. Nietzsche states in, On Truth and Lies in a Non-moral Sense, â€Å"Just as it is certain that one leaf is neverShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Waldo Emerson s Self Reliance 1259 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis Waldo Emerson is genuinely the focal point of the American transcendental movement, setting out a large portion of its thoughts and qualities in his essay,that spoke to the extreme study in theory, religion, and writing. Emerson is the scholarly father of American Transcendentalism. Despite the fact that numerous different scholars would contribute, it was Emerson s addresses and distributed papers that would offer structure to this occasionally indistinct scope of thoughts. Emerson was aRead MoreThe Role Of Social Construct And Our Role Within The Early Nineteenth Century1338 Words   |  6 PagesWe enter this world as we leave it: alone. Though every encounter, connection, and relationship that occurs between these two points may deceive us to believe otherwise, the truth of the matter is, you are all that you have in this life. Despite this reality, we find ourselves consumed by the concept of social construct and our role within it rather than establishing ourselves as an in dependent entity. While most spend their lives content with their role as a mere cog, it is the few who believe theyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By William Hemingway1712 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrations. 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He tries to find happiness within himself and discover truths in the worldRead MoreTranscendentalism, A Powerful Intellectual And Philosophical Movement1781 Words   |  8 PagesTranscendentalism, a powerful intellectual and philosophical movement founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the early nineteenth century, was guided by the principle that individuals are inherently good and function at their best when they are independent and self-reliant. Striving to produce a philosophy that would serve a new nation, transcendentalists believed that religious institutions and political parties would eventually corrupt the natural pure goodness of man. Transcendentalist ideology furtherRead MoreIndividual Belief System Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagestook the hardest path. Component 2 and 3 - Reason and Experience At times I tend to think of my philosophy or philosophies of life as common sense, and universally understood; the difference between right and wrong. It’s taken me some time to get used to the idea that not everyone shares the same moral convictions as I. I’ve often had to be reminded of this because I believed my philosophy portrayed fairness, honesty, and logic, and anyone who could think for themselves would have naturallyRead MoreThe Legacy Of Henry David Thoreau1991 Words   |  8 PagesMassachusetts. He was also raised there for most of his childhood. After graduating from Harvard College he worked in his family’s pencil-making business. Later, he became a schoolteacher but he resigned after two weeks. He became acquainted with Ralph Waldo Emerson to edit the Transcendentalist magazine, The Dial, and from there, their friendship grew. They bounced political and ethical opinions off of one another despite their very different outlooks on various topi cs. 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Around the turn of the century a fundamental cultural transformation occurred within the educated strata of Western capitalist nations. In the United States as elsewhere, the bourgeois ethos had enjoined perpetual work, compulsive saving, civic responsibilityRead MoreBe a Sales Superstar25155 Words   |  101 Pagesare in harmony with your dominant thoughts. As you change your thinking about yourself and your possibilities, you change your life. There is no other way. Perhaps the most important discovery in human history, the foundation of all religions, philosophies, metaphysics and psychology is this: You become what you think about most of the time. Just think! You become what you think about most of the time. Your outer world eventually corresponds to your inner world. And since only you can decide what

VR of Alibaba for Research and Development Plan- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theVR of Alibaba for Research and Development Plan. Answer: Introduction Aliababa Group is a company which provides the basic technology, framework and marketing to guide different, brands and other businesses that provide products, services and digital content. The main advantage of this company, which surpasses the other company, is that it has various types of companies integrated within itself for example: - Alibaba Cloud, Ant Financial, Taobabo.com etc. All these companies specifically is the platform for online marketing services for computers and mobile phones and other technical things. AliResearch institute was established in April 2007. This is the most important and integrated parts of Alibaba have failed to continue its chain system of so many organizations (Wu et al., 2015). The research opportunities of this organization is new commercial civilization, model innovation study, such as C2B commercial model, future organization model and Internet-enabled study of industries, such as e-commerce logistics, rural e-commerce. Many research scholars who are experts in management and economics able to provide idea about to provide new methodology in this field and the merchants, service-providers are highly benefitted due to this. Todays world is continuously changing and every time any organizations have to keep in par with new thoughts and ideas for launching new products. So it can be said that AliResearch centre is the pillar of the Alibaba organization. For example there is reflection of some of the key findings of Research Report on Chinas Taobo village. There were 1000 Taobo village and 100 Taobo towns found in China. AliResearch has researched consumption demands, and created designs with collaborators by taking the help of new techniques , online merchants of Taobao villages have able to uplift their efficiency and essence and launched new products (Tu Hao, 2015). . According to incomplete statistics over the year of 2016 more than 120 segment of rising products and services of Taobao villages have witness fast develo pment in sales, crossing RMB1 million or even RMB10 million. The products included electric balance bikes, writing brush, paper and ink and others. This e-commerce system has expanded to a large extent and this has helped to provide jobs to many people and finally has eradicated the poverty from the towns and the villages (Qu, Zhang Ding, 2015) . Management Team and Organizational Structure The management team of Alibaba comprises of leaders who are mainly the Board of Directors. They are: - Jack Yun MA is the Executive Chairman of the Alibaba Group, Joseph C.TSAI is the Executive Vice Chairman, Daniel Yong Zhang is the Director and Chief Executive Officer of this organization. J. Michael Evans is the Director and President of this company, Masayoshi Son and Eric Xiandong Jing is the Director of this organization. Chee Hwa Tung, Walter Teh Ming Kwauk, Jerry Yang, Brje E. Ekholm, Wan Ling Martello are the independent Directors of this organization. This Board of Directors is appointed from time to time by the process of election. They are mainly elected by the decision of the stakeholders of the company (Dong et al., 2015). The Board of Director must contain 9 directors until the Softbank has the right to nominate a director but when the SoftBank is devoid of such rights then the organization must have seven directors. A director is only removed from office without any c ause if the director (1)dies or becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; or (2)is found of unsound mind; or (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company. Otherwise the director is only removed by the corporate governance committee by the vote of majority of the board of directors along with the suggestions and advice of the corporate governance committee. These members are at the top positions of the company or organization who takes all the decisions of the company. They coordinate and supervise all the employees of the organization and motivate them to do the work not only for the revenue-generation of the company but the leaders also inspires the team members and the employees to work also providing best services to the customers (Burke Eaton, 2016). Besides, this Board of Directors there must be other leaders of managerial posts who also coordinate each chain of this organization (Guo et al., 2013). Without this managerial structure the company has no existence because the entire responsibility of the organization rests on them. Risk Recognition and Risk Reduction Strategies: Risk Recognition: The risk recognition of VR is crucial because it is capable of allowing a more realistic view of the products which will attract more customers. Alibaba can generate billions of dollars of revenue by promoting and selling products using the virtual reality technology. The company is set to launch virtual reality, software which allows the customers to wear a headset and get a total view of the products. The company has recognized that VR has great prospect in generating revenue and maintaining high competitive position in the market. The company faces stiff challenges from powerful players like ebay and Amazon.com. The company has recognized the future profitability of VR and is making strategies to reduce the risks (Forbes.com, 2017). The technology can pose considerable risk to VR because the competitors like Amazon continuously carry out innovations and research to bring out new software which can compete with VR. These innovations are likely to threat the profitability and revenue generation of Alibaba. Thus, Alibaba has to carry out innovations to stay ahead in the competition with its rivals and keep generating huge revenue with VR. The company should bring out updated versions of VR to ensure its top position in the market. Risk Reduction Strategies: Differentiation strategy of Alibaba: Alibaba differentiates itself from its competitive to hold a strong market image and position. The company acts an ecommerce company connecting only buyers and sellers. It has a strong supply chain in all the countries and shows the prices in local currencies. This allows it to differentiate itself from its competitors because the supply chain allows it to offer goods without requirement of spending after maintenance of warehouses (Lu Swaminathan, 2015). Partner Connections: Alibaba has strong connections with local merchants and suppliers. It allows them to sell their products to a huge number of customers using its digital platform and brand value. The company thus reduces the risk it faces from the big ecommerce companies like Amazon and ebay. The country owns shares of companies like paytm and has partnered with the Chinese branch of Yahoo. This has helped the company to virtually control the operations of several other companies which allows it to reduce the competition from them (Alcacer Chung, 2014). This has in fact allowed the company to enter new markets and extend its product line. For example, Alibaba is a shareholder of Paytm, the Indian payment gateway company which is used by millions of Indians to make payments. This allows it to enter profitable markets like India and diversify its risk posed by the market, like risk from competitors. Mobile Technology: Alibaba has launched its application which can run on both computer and mobile phones, thus allowing customers to order products anytime and from anywhere. The company is planning to introduce VR on mobile platform as well so that the buyers can have better product viewing and ordering experience. This will allow the company to gain high position in emerging markets like Asia where its competitors like ebay are yet to gain a strong foothold. The company can earn huge profit and diversify the business risks over these markets (DeBoer, Panwar Rivera, 2017). References: Alcacer, J., Chung, W. (2014). Location strategies for agglomeration economies.Strategic Management Journal,35(12), 1749-1761. Burke, Q. L., Eaton, T. V. (2016). Alibaba Group Initial Public Offering: A Case Study of Financial Reporting Issues.Issues in Accounting Education Teaching Notes,31(4), 75-90. DeBoer, J., Panwar, R., Rivera, J. (2017). Toward A Place?Based Understanding of Business Sustainability: The Role of Green Competitors and Green Locales in Firms' Voluntary Environmental Engagement.Business Strategy and the Environment. Dong, G., Wu, Z., Weng, L., Chen, H. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/182,446. Forbes Welcome. (2017). Forbes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/11/10/virtual-reality-is-likely-to-boost-alibabas-revenues-on-singles-day/#77becef53311 Guo, Y., Cao, Y., Song, Y., Shan, L., Yang, Q. (2013, January). Organizational Imprinting, Managerial Cognition, and Firm Strategy in Emerging Economies. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 12108). Academy of Management. Lu, L. X., Swaminathan, J. M. (2015). Supply chain management. Qu, Z., Zhang, S., Ding, K. (2015). The New Development Trend of Chinese-funded Banks and Internet Financial Enterprises from Patent Perspective. InISSI. Tu, Y., Hao, S. (2015). Research of Development in Internet-Based Finance in China. Wu, D., Rosen, D. W., Wang, L., Schaefer, D. (2015). Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation.Computer-Aided Design,59, 1-14.

War And Psychology Essay Example For Students

War And Psychology Essay The experience of war places stresses on the human spirit that can scarcely beimagined in peacetime. Dilemmas that can be largely avoided in time of peacemust be faced in a time of war. Concern for ones own physical safety is oftenat odds with concern for the wellbeing of ones countrymen. The dictates ofthe mind often fight the dictates of the emotions. In such a tug of warsituation, where practical and moral factors align themselves in strange andironic patterns, it is hardly surprising that individuals respond in highlydivergent ways. In this paper, the dangers that war poses to the human psychewill be considered and an attempt will be made to account for the some of thevariability that can be seen in the way in which individuals respond to thesethreats. An examination of two books suggests that certain character traits helpinoculate people in time of war, better enabling them to withstand the assaultsof war. It also suggests that the absence of certain traits makes peoplevulnerabl e when they are placed in threatening circumstances. In examining twoliterary works: The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis and The English Patient byMichael Ondaatje three character traits that were necessary in order to ensurespiritual survival were clearly shown. These traits were faith, courage, andloyalty. In the course of this paper, special attention will be given to thecharacter traits described above. The significance of their presence or absencein the personalities of a number of literary characters will be considered. InThe Screwtape Letters, Lewis portrays an anonymous English protagoniststruggling to maintain his spiritual integrity against the assaults oftemptations of Hell during World War Two. In The English Patient, Ondaatjeportrays a group of characters, brought together by their circumstances,reacting to what the author portrays as the tidal wave of war. The importance offaith, courage and loyalty enable Lewis character to spiritually survive allthe assaults of warti me. The absence of these characteristics cause Ondaatjescharacters to flounder. Faith, courage and loyalty provide a necessary frameworkfor moral thought and action, enabling the soul to survive even under theadverse conditions presented by war. C.S. Lewis deals extensively with thedangers that war poses to the human psyche. In his wartime work entitled TheScrewtape Letters, he presents an essentially hopeful view concerning theability of the soul to survive the assaults of war. He proposes that having theright perspective is the key to the souls survival. Lewis deals with a widevariety of temptations that serve to undermine the integrity of man in hisjourney through life. All of these temptations assert their power to some degreein peacetime. Yet, their power is often strengthened by the pressures of war. InThe English Patient, Michael Ondaatje presents an entirely different perspectiveconcerning the effects of war on the human psyche. Although he never spells itout, Ondaatje seems to take a fairly deterministic view. The fate of hischaracters often seems to lie beyond their control. It is almost as if hischaracters have been struck by a giant tidal wave and are helpless to resist asthey are carried away. The reader seldom gets the impression that Ondaatjescharacters have alternatives other than to think and act the way they do. Theyare presented as victims of circumstances who warrant our compassion but not ourjudgment. Each leaves the war deeply scarred in the spiritual sense. In the workof C.S. Lewis, faithfulness to God is the factor that ensures the soulssurvival. Lewis describes the danger of being overwhelmed by the stream ofimmediate sense experiences (Lewis pg.12). A mans tendency to focus on theimmediate and the personal at the expense of the universal threatens his abilityto survive in any spiritual sense. When focusing on his own inconvenience,hunger and pain, a man tends to lose sight of broader concerns, such as hisspiritual wellbeing and the co mmon good. Faith enables a man to focus on thespiritual and the eternal, to face each days trials with commitment anddetermination and to survive war with his psyche intact. Lewis grapples with theparadox of war. Lewis argues convincingly that, while some may be destroyed bywar, others may actually experience spiritual growth through adversity. Alertedto the finite nature of life and made more conscious of the needs of others, amans faith and strength may flourish in ways that he never dreamed possible. .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c , .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .postImageUrl , .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c , .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:hover , .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:visited , .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:active { border:0!important; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:active , .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50874588cec140a3385170e43a3b4e0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chemistry And Atom Essay We will write a custom essay on War And Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Lewis dispels the belief that a long, relatively peaceful or painless life isany guarantee of spiritual survival. He expresses fear for the souls of thosewho die in costly nursing homes amid doctors who lie, nurses who lie, friendswho liepromising life to the dying, encouraging the belief that sicknessexcuses every indulgence, and even withholding a priest lest is should betrayto the sick man his true condition. (Lewis pg. 32). During wartime, the needfor courage cannot be ignored. Lewis sees courage as not simply one of thevirtues, but the form of every virtue at the testing point, which means thepoint of highest reality. A chastity or honesty, or mercy, which yields todanger will be chaste or honest or merciful only on conditions. Pilate wasmerciful till it became risky (Lewis pg. 148). Yet, courage must be groundedin faith and resignation to Gods will. Lewis explains how worrying about thefuture and taking precautions against the dangers of war tend to underminecourage. When a man begins to obsess about all the things he can do to increasehis chances of survival, his commitment to doing his duty becomes honeycombedall through with little unconscious reservations. In a moment of terror,these reservations will assert themselves and his overriding concern will bephysical self-preservation.(Lewis p150). Only by putting his full trust in Godcan a man avoid the threats to the spirit that uncertainty brings and actcourageously under all conditions. Key characters in The English Patient eachpossess some of the traits that Lewis deems to be important: Yet each ofOndaatjes characters displays certain frailties that weaken his chances ofspiritual survival. Each of the characters is profoundly influenced by the?stream of immediate sense experiences that Lewis analyses so vividly inthe Screwtape Letters. Each allows the pain and suffering that he has witnessedto destroy any faith he had in God, country or the war effort. Caravaggio is aman who possesses tremendous courag e. In his role as a spy for the Allies, herisks death and torture on a daily basis throughout the war. After beingcaptured by the Germans and having his thumbs cut off by them, he finds his wayto a villa in Florence where Hana, a Canadian nurse and daughter of an oldfriend is caring for a burned and dying patient. There, he devotes his days toconvincing Hana and Kip, the sapper whom Hana loves, to abandon theirresponsibilities. He urges Hana to leave her dying patient even though there isno one left to care for him. Referring to the Bedoin tribesmen who rescued theburning man, he says, Those men in the desert were smarter than you. Theyassumed that he could be useful. So they saved him, but when he was no longeruseful, they left him.(Ondaatje pg. 45) Confiding to Kip, he blames the waron the rich who have to follow the rules of theircivilized world. Theydeclare war, they have honour and they cant leave. But you two. We three. Were free. How many sappers die? Why arent you dead yet? Be irresponsible. Luck runs out. (Ondaatje p.123) Caravaggio is portrayed as warm, human andvery likable. Yet, he is a man who has lost his faith, his loyalty and hisconfidence. The English Patient is portrayed as a man of great intellect. He is?the wise man who sees ?the greater picture. Yet, at critical times,he reacts in a manner that is narrow and self-serving. He has an affair with thewife of friend and colleague, a man whom he claims to love. This is portrayed asa natural response of one caught up in a tidal wave of emotion. He blames ?thewar for destroying his research, his adopted homeland, and his friendships;yet he makes no credible attempt to come to terms with the terrible events thatmade war inevitable. He collaborates with the Germans, dooming thousands in thedesert to torture and death. He rationalizes his behaviour and abdicatesresponsibility for his actions by blaming the war on international financial andmilitary interests rather than on Nazi aggression. Yet the English Patient ispor trayed as a thoroughly likable victim. Never is it suggested that he is theproduct of the choices that he himself has made. Kipp, the Sikh sapper, is a manof tremendous discipline. Charged with the unenviable task of diffusing bombs,he survives against all odds through a combination of resourcefulness and agreat ability to concentrate. He possesses many admirable qualities, traits thatshould have enabled him to withstand the assaults of war with integrity. Yet,Kip never seems to reflect upon the issue of why he is at war until the end whenhe falls apart . Kips wartime relationships with the English arecharacterised by mutual respect, acceptance and, in several instances, love. .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f , .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .postImageUrl , .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f , .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:hover , .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:visited , .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:active { border:0!important; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:active , .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec4ac3ffd856191cc830018fff72610f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Thoughts on Marriage EssayThroughout the story, Kip is glued to his radio where he would, no doubt, haveheard of the German and Japanese atrocities that were being revealed on a dailybasis in 1945. Yet, suddenly, he is swept away with revulsion at the news of thedropping of The Bomb on Hiroshima. He literally blames the English for all ofthe evils of the world, including the dropping of the bomb. In response to anact that he sees as racist and imperialistic, he abandons his post and allloyalty to the war effort. Hana, the heroine of the novel, is, in many respects,the noblest of Ondaajes characters. After months of sustained and intensiveexposure to the pain and sufferi ng of others, she refuses to move on with theAllied troops as they travel north in their occupation of Italy. Instead, shechooses to remain with one horribly burned patient who is too ill to move. Hanas psyche is deeply damaged by the pain that she has witnessed. She istotally caught up in what Lewis would term ?the stream of immediate senseexperience. She is portrayed as half-mad, prone to mania and depression. Attimes she is completely overwhelmed with her sorrow and sense of helplessness. At other times, she rejoices as the rain drenches her through the gutted roof ofthe villa that she calls home. She seems to be lacking in religious faith andfeels nothing but scorn for the leaders of the Allied war effort. Still, sheremains loyal to a cause that goes beyond her own wellbeing. She risks death ona daily basis as she fulfils her duties in a villa that the Germans left full ofmines and booby traps. Her devotion to the English Patient and her stubbornrefusal to abandon him redeem her. They help compensate for her frailties,giving her something greater than her self to live for during the dreary springof 1945. Faith, courage, discipline and loyalty preserve the soul, though notthe body of Lewis anonymous hero. The absence of one or more of these traitsweakens the spiritual immune system of each of Ondaatjes leading EnglishPatient characters. Carvaggio faces post-war life lacking confidence and faith. Kip returns to India hating the system that he has given his heart and soul for. At best, he can see himself as a helpless pawn, a victim or a fool. At worst, hecan see himself as a willing agent of death and destruction. The EnglishPatient, presumably, dies muddled as much by his own rationalisations as by hismorphine. He clings to a love that he uses to excuse acts of personal andcollective treachery. Hana finds herself in an extremely vulnerable position asshe faces her post-war future. She has abandoned any faith that she ever had inGod, her country and her civilisation. She has placed all of her faith, trustand loyalty in the hands of her patient and her lover. This has given hersomething to live for as the war winds to an end. But when these two abandonher, she has no faith in anything but herself to fall back on. She returns toCanada, completely distrustful of human relationships. Many who have endured thehorrors of war may relate to the disillusionment portrayed by Ondaatjescharacters. Many who would never claim to possess the virtues promoted by C.S. Lewis clearly reflect them in the way in which they live their lives. These arethe wartime survivors who continue to inspire those who have never endured thehorrors of war. These are the survivors who show what it means to live a goodlife, even under the most adverse conditions. BibliographyLewis, C.S. The Screwtape Letters. Great Britain: Fontana Books, 1942Ondaatje, Michael. The Engish Patient. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 1996

Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2Essay Writing Service

Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2Essay Writing Service Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2 Essay on Sexual Addiction part 2Essay on   Sexual Addiction part 1Thus, sexual addiction in men is manifested in an unusually high demand for conventional sexual intercourse. Sometimes sexual addiction turns into the urge for unusual forms of sex, and may interfere with physical and moral safety of others (Giugliano, 2003; Schaeffer, 2009). For example, it leads to violence, incest, homosexual relationships, compulsive masturbation, etc. In general, male addicts fear most to appear in ridiculous situation, look helpless and weak, and usually use sex to assert themselves.In turn, sexual addiction in women is most commonly expressed in promiscuity or sex with strangers. Addicted women most often need sex to get away from the real relationship. They get hooked on sex, escaping from loneliness, as well as to convince themselves that their women charms are still strong. Entering a new sexual relationship, sexually dependent women temporarily raise their self-esteem, substitute the sens e of spiritual emptiness with the sense of power and euphoria of sexual conquests, but in most cases they are left deprived of communication and tenderness (Giugliano, 2003; Schaeffer, 2009).At the same time, addiction always covers a burning desire to avoid the feeling of one’s own worthlessness. Observations also show that addicts are in fact driven by a thirst for intimacy and warmth, but they do not know how to achieve this.Thus, in-depth interviews conducted by Giugliano (2003, p. 278-84) showed that the most common representations of male sexual addicts of themselves are: 1) I am inherently a bad worthless person; 2) no one will love me as much as I do; 3) my needs will never be satisfied if I have to rely on others; 4) sexual satisfaction is my most important need. Female sexual addicts have similar beliefs: 1) I am powerless; 2) I will always be alone or will feel lonely; 3) I will always be abandoned; 4) my body is shameless (vicious), disgusting. These core beliefs, in turn, lead to behavioral norms that define the actions of sexual addicts. For example, the belief that â€Å"No one will love me as much as I do,† leads to the misconception that equates sex to love: Someone can love me, if one feels sexual excitement to me† or â€Å"If someone has sex with me it proves that I can be loved.† In turn, the core belief of a woman that she will always be abandoned generates the setting: â€Å"I will not be abandoned, if I learn to seduce.† In an effort to assert themselves or escape from grief and loneliness, they again enter into a sexual relationship to feel confident and achieve short-term enjoyment of life replacing the concept of love with the concept of sex.Typically, sexual addicts go through the following phases of sexual addiction (basing on reports by Young, 2008; Schaeffer, 2009; Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002):Preoccupation with thoughts on sexual subjects bearing obsessive nature. Constant return to these thou ghts leads to the situation when they occupy an increasing amount of time becoming a favorite topic of reflection. An addict gets some pleasure at this time, the mind begins to set differently, fantasizing about sex is becoming increasingly important. The perception of many things changes. Surrounding people start to be viewed through the prism of preoccupation of thinking and imagination with sexual topics. They are seen primarily as sexual objects. Other activities are considered as necessary but unpleasant, the ones that do not bring joy. This period may vary over time, it may not be accompanied by specific actions, but the emergence of certain preferences and thoughts on how to implement them and fixing them in the mind.Stage of behavior ritualization with the development of schemes that lead to sexual behavior (including thoughts and fantasies), in which one event follows another in sequence. Addiction involves sexual implementation and becomes a daily ritual for the implement of which a special time is reserved. Entry into the cycle of ritual behavior does not tolerate distractions from others. Ritualization of preoccupation with sex is more important than the specific implementation since it is associated with a changed psychological state of consciousness causing psychological relaxation. This process consumes a lot of time and energy. Gradual â€Å"inclusion† of activities related to the preparation to enter this state is possible. All this is often not seen by others as sexual addict seeks to preserve the image of normality in relation to the outside world, showing it the false self, trying to look like a man who does not have an addiction.Stage of compulsive sexual behavior with the phenomenon of loss of control inherent to other addictions. Having entered this phase, an addict cannot control one’s actions, leaving a â€Å"trail† behind, risking to reveal oneself, or inflict psychological or physical damage to oneself. The one i s powerless in preventing the behavior. It is difficult to stop. Control over the various types of sexual activity is lost. After the implementation of compulsive behavior, the understanding of the need to stop emerges bringing the unrealizable promises. This behavior is accompanied by a further intensification of the inferiority complex.Stage of disaster or despair, coming after the troubles caused by certain events, such as punishment or disease. The person feels absolute powerlessness, despair, and hatred to one’s own personality. During this period, negative feelings toward oneself are growing, provoking exacerbation of self-destructive instinct and the emergence of suicidal thoughts.In the end, the consequences of sexual addiction may be organism fraying, venereal and infectious diseases, depression arising due to the constant need to find a new sexual partner, which turns sexual addiction in a socially dangerous disease that requires prevention and treatment, despite th e fact that the sick person usually resists treatment not considering oneself pathologically dependent on sexual addiction.Coping with sexual addiction: therapy optionsIndeed, as Parker and Guest (2003) state, absolute majority of sexually addicted people are confident in their full normality. Therefore, the first and most important step to timely treatment is to convince the person in the presence of psychological problems. Unfortunately, in the majority of cases, only a strong shock like the loss of job, family, or serious health problems may cause the patient to understand how sick he or she was (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002, p.144). Further, patients who faced the reality of their dependency often try to resolve the conflict immediately, â€Å"by force†. In such cases, their actions usually lead to an opposite reaction, and all efforts seem to be in vain. In order to understand how to get rid of sexual addiction, one must admit, above all, that positive progress cannot be reached through one’s individual effort only. As Young (2008) claims, this is the first and most difficult step on the road to recovery. Here, sex-addicts may start from finding Internet communities of people with similar dependence and life experiences. Such communication will help solve some of the problems and find a way out of a state of dependence. However, when a person reaches the solution to make a qualitative change in one’s own life, professional advice and psychological support are absolutely irreplaceable.It should be said here that addictive sexual behavior bears continuous and irresistible character, as soon as it becomes the only condition that decreases anxiety and fear (Matà ©, 2012; Schaeffer, 2009). Addictions are generally difficult to be corrected, but psychoanalytic treatment proves to at least drastically reduce the quantitative aspect. Therefore, one of the main tasks of psychotherapy is to teach a patient to change negative beliefs, generat ing negative neural excitation and let one know that it is possible to cope with anxiety and stress in some other ways, not only through sex, using different internal forces of the body (Parker Guest 2003; Young 2008). First of all, a dependent person must learn to socialize properly, because the ability to communicate inside real social environment helps to get rid of loneliness, successfully create new relationships or restore old ones. Therapy should also typically focused on the identification and treatment of comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders and related dependencies, such as alcohol and drug addictions.To achieve these goals, different programs and psychotherapeutic techniques are currently applied, including hypno-suggestive psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive techniques and dialectical behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and positive psychology, along with art and/or music therapy, intensive psycho-educational programs, gener al life style instruction and spiritual counseling (Parker Guest, 2003; Young, 2008; Giugliano, 2003). According to Young (2008, p. 32), the best results in the treatment of sex addiction are demonstrated by group therapy courses, especially if such groups involve people close to the patient. In particular, psychotherapists do not consider sexual addiction a sufficient ground for divorce and call friends and relatives to support the desire of the patient to undergo treatment. Participating in the family programs, family members get more information about the disease as such and their role in the process of treatment. Eventually, family members sometimes decide to begin the treatment themselves in order to solve their own dysfunctional behavior patterns and get rid of the pain (Parker Guest 2003; Young, 2008).In severe cases, psychiatrists sometimes prescribe medicines for the treatment of sexual addiction through controlling behavior, and those mainly include antidepressants, seda tives, and hormones of serotonin and progesterone (Parker Guest, 2003, p.19). It should be noted, however, that the impact of medicines is known to be very limited (Young, 2008, p. 33). To achieve considerable results, medication should be combined with psychological treatment as well as a set of measures to restore correct biorhythms. Thus, in addition to psychiatric examinations and tests on dependences, an important step of treatment is to conduct biochemical testing, the evaluation of lifestyle and nutrition, as well as the full medical examination. Based on the results of laboratory tests, a nutritionist can create a special nutrition program, complemented by the use of food additives. In addition to optimizing physical health, detoxication programs and optimal diet are also directed at restoring the biochemistry of patient’s brain and normalization of neurotransmitters that reduce cravings for compulsive sexual behavior (Young, 2008, p. 34-35, Matà ©, 2012, p. 61). Tr eatment may also include amino acid therapy and herbal medicine.Overall, it is quite easy to put an end to compulsive sexual behavior in the clinical setting. Meanwhile, after the discharge from treatment centers, a significant portion in patients often re-experience anxiety, depression, insomnia and/or craving for previously observed behavior patterns, and part of them experience absolute failure to adapt changes and return to â€Å"self-treatment† of stress (Parker Guest, 2003, p.15). Therefore, the next crucial step in coping with progressing lust should be the total displacement of obsessive feelings of patient’s life. This involves getting rid of all things related to sexual obsession: video with sexual content, computer games of erotic nature, erotic newspapers and magazines, setting filters that block sex web addresses and spam mail, as well as all other items that are related to sex or remind of it (Young, 2008, p.35). This advice not only helps to control sex ual addiction, but also relieves from the fear that these things will be detected by an outsider. Generally, as Parker and Guest (2003, p. 18) reasonably marks, coping with sexual addiction, patients face a vital necessity to rethink their habits, as soon as the latter may either lead to the dependence or be a part of it.On the way to finding internal control, sexually addicted individuals could also be advised to introduce training programs in the gym and outdoors into their daily regime, devote themselves to meditation and yoga lessons, and indulge in other techniques promoting relaxation, such as massage, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, and reflexology. Moreover, at the stage of rehabilitation, addicts may still be accompanied by a mentor or therapist, maintaining their patients in building new relationships with family, colleagues, friends and society, and adapt their lifestyle to the recovery program principles. Post-treatment support may last from several days to several years. At the same time, it is important to understand that unlike the treatment of drug and alcohol addiction, gambling and other heavy dependency, in this case, doctors do not require the patient completely â€Å"sing off† sexual life, and that’s a major point encouraging for healing success.ConclusionSexual addiction should be understood as a compulsive sexual behavior that is subconsciously used to achieve psychological comfort and pleasure, and is characterized by the loss of control over sexual impulses and continuous increase in their frequency, the emergence of the negative consequences of uncontrolled behavior and disregard of them, as well as withdrawal syndrome after prolonged abstinence. The presence of these signs should serve as an impetus for a person to find a solution to get rid of excessive sexual addiction.Just as in cases of other addictions, sexual addiction is always a way to escape from reality, from one own self and one’s own feelings. Individuals with this type of addiction show to experience numerous emotional difficulties: tendency to low mood, impulsivity, low self-esteem, feelings of guilt and shame, inner emptiness, a habit to hide their problems from the loved ones, inability to experience pleasure from other sources, and combination with other addictions. Despite the external search for physiological pleasure, addicts are in fact driven by a thirst for intimacy and internal warmth, but they do not know how to achieve this. Such people wants to be loved, but simply cannot create the model of relations, which would provide the normal and strong relationships with the opposite sex. The reasons for the development of pathology are often found in infantile trauma, causing the disorder of sexual structure of personality: for example, childhood rape, unsuccessful first sexual experience, parents’ sexual misconduct, wrong set of priorities they established, hyperstimulating sexualized relationship with father, demonstr ative exception of a child from parental love relationships, as well as general lack of love, care, and attention from parents.Meanwhile, sexual addiction should be viewed as a psychological and social problem that requires correction. Otherwise, the growing number of people becomes not only doomed to constant loneliness, but also experiences the sense of insecurity, shame, remorse, and depression. In addition, the risk to human health carried by a frequent change of sexual partners also needs to be considered.Being the disorder of the body, mind and spirit, sexual addiction should be treated through a multi-dimensional approach, involving psychological therapy, detoxication and relaxation programs, nutrition and lifestyle adjustment. Thus, therapeutic techniques may include hypno-suggestive psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, cognitive techniques and dialectical behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and positive psychology, art and music therapy, intensive p sycho-educational programs, general life style instruction and spiritual counseling, healthy dieting, physical training, massage, meditation and yoga courses. The main task of therapy lies in eliminating the root causes that led to the emergence of addiction, as well as teaching addicts to re-adapt to the social environment.

Communication and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication and Language - Essay Example It is always good to focus on your positive experiences (Campbell, 1957). If Thais do bring up a complaint with you, such as how polluted parts of Bangkok are, or apologize for how dirty their factory is, it is best not to agree with them directly, but simply state 'It's fine--don't worry about it.' Be careful not to give too much praise in regards to a Thai's possessions, as he or she may feel embarrassed, or obligated to give you the item in question. It is best to give general praise, such as 'You have a wonderful office.' Age is also a common question, especially if you are not yet going bald or grey! Direct replies are appreciated, but can be avoided if you don't feel comfortable replying (Campbell, 1957). 'I feel like I'm 21 again!' is a good example of an indirect response. Be aware that Thais will often state bluntly that you are either fat or fatter than the last time they saw you. Don't take offence at this and simply laugh it off and give a simple reason--usually all the delicious Thai food you have been enjoying recently. There is no need to reply with a similar comment. The Thai language uses a phonetic alphabet of 44 consonants and 32 vowels (Noochoochai, 1978). All syllables must contain a vowel sound, but may begin and/or end with a consonant sound. A syllable which ends in a vowel sound is called open, and a syllable which ends in a consonant is called closed.

ABC CPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ABC CPA - Essay Example The limitations of internal control system include the aspect that due to the cost effective nature of the control system certain non-effective but useful controls are emitted. The other limitations include the aspect that designing as well as establishing efficient internal controls can be quite a difficult task due to lack of knowledge of staff to operate such systems. Internal control system might not always reflect altered operating conditions (Gupta 100-200). Internal control system has certain procedures which are illustrated by the help of two examples. Firstly, the internal control system should be served with proper Information Technologies (IT). IT helps the auditors to control the account related entries correctly and reduces the risk of wrong or emitted entry. This is because IT assists to store the data correctly and the stored data can be simultaneously cross-checked, consequently allowing to rectify the faults and can recognize the missing entry. This internal control process can be implemented by ABC Company to its auditing department by providing IT related requirements such as computers and through proper mode of communication. Computers will help to store the transactions related to accounts and communication process will assist the auditors to collect all information and documents related to accounts within its premises (Sai, â€Å"Internal Control and Auditing In IT Environment†). The other example of internal control procedures is that handed over duties and liabilities should be familiar and communicated to employee properly by the company’s higher level officials. This procedure helps the management and the subordinates to plan and to work out the strategies sufficiently by which the objective of the specified task can be achieved efficiently. This procedure of internal control can be implemented by ABC Company through

Information Use Essay Example for Free

Information Use Essay In today’s business environment information is the most important asset a business has, this information helps to support, maintain, develop and track its daily activities. The next logical step is implementing a system that is conducive and geared towards this goal. With the help of its information system, and its information technology department, managers, sales people, the operations department and others with access to this information have a handy tool to help them do their work on a daily basis. The structure of the information system is paramount on how accessible this information is to the people that depend upon it to complete their normal workday. The managers and IT department work closely together to agree upon and decide on an information system that will be feasible to the business itself, thus setting up a system that will be beneficial to the business itself. In my previous workplace, this was a real estate company that focused on short sales and loan modifications. Our information was provided by the homeowner, this information consisted of their mortgage statement, bank records, hardship letters describing why they needed the short sales or the loan modification, and a list of their debt-income ratio and any foreclosure information. The database we worked on was a system called Salesforce; this system enabled us to keep track of the calls we had to make and document all details of that call. It contained all of the information we needed to accomplish this task, it held clients pertinent data, the banks that we dealt with and a method to track the goals we had to accomplish each week. This system was also an ERM (electronic records management database) we had the ability to scan and upload pertinent client information such as three months of bank statements, paystubs, and hardship letters, foreclosure notices and current mortgage statements. It was very user friendly and had the ability to be modified towards the needs of the company using it. That being said management asked us to make suggestions on what additions we saw or felt that would help make our jobs easy and more efficient. The short sale team made several suggestions to add to Salesforce, thereby making it more specified for our daily tasks. The short sale team was not the only ones using Salesforce, our sales team that generated the leads or clients were the first line of defense; they had to enter the client’s information into Salesforce and scan all the documents related to a homeowner’s situation. The sales team was also responsible for contacting the homeowners to send updated and current documents pertinent to their short sales or loan modifications. In essence Salesforce was also used as a data management system, it had the ability to store all data, generate sales reports, processing, integrating, distributing, securing, and archiving data effectively for current and future use. Accessing Salesforce was readily available if we were out of the office as well, we had the capability to log in and view reports, or if a new client was added, and if we needed information to set up an appraisal that was requested by the bank before the short sale was approved. This ability was very handy for the real estate agent and the processor handling the account, the ability to access the main database with all pertinent information about the client away from the office was an excellent tool that Salesforce offered. Maintenance of Salesforce was managed by our small IT staff, any problems with the system was corrected or fixed very quickly, as the licenses held by Salesforce enabled the IT staff to manage the database as an in-house system, therefore they did not have to contact anyone with any issues. At the same time the permissions on Salesforce were very strict, a person’s user id and password only allowed access to certain parts, the short sales team could not modify or change anything, especially any client information or access the sales departments input and vice versa. This made sense, because there was very important information on the database, the client’s financial data and mortgage information, very sensitive information. In essence, the database that the company used in my opinion was user friendly and seemed to address the needs of the business, in this case a real estate office that held important and sensitive financial data, credit reports and mortgage information. The system enabled us to handle the flow of information and daily activities easy, made access to running reports quickly and efficiently. Further, management was able to view and track completion of daily tasks and weekly goals to generate reports quickly.

The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster Essay -- essays resea

The Square Deal: Social Reform to Avoid Disaster   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America at the turn of the century was a very different place than it is today. The industrial revolution had set into motion a series of events that empowered and enriched some and nearly enslaved others. Theodore Roosevelt’s â€Å"Square Deal† was a necessary response to growing social unrest. A severely unequal distribution of wealth along with poor living and working conditions were leading workers and capitalists to increasingly extreme means. By enacting a large body of legislation intended to set right the wrongs in society and using whatever force necessary, Roosevelt avoided what could have been a popular revolution of the working class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this essay is to develop a better understanding of Roosevelt’s â€Å"Square Deal†. An examination of historical events will provide a clear picture of the outlook in America during the time of Roosevelt’s presidency that led to the necessity of the legislation and presidential actions that characterized Progressive Party politics. Roosevelt’s response was nothing short of precisely what was necessary to remedy the social unrest that was overtaking the working people of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As is the case with any major public policy, the â€Å"Square Deal† had its roots in beliefs set forth in the United States Constitution and the basic tenets of Democracy. Without support, large scale changes to the system go down in history as simply another idealistic effort. Roosevelt believed in his ideas and had a way of pushing policies through that resulted in sweeping changes that avoided catastrophe. Every conscious of the possibility of revolution, Roosevelt sought to avoid it by any means necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beginning in the 1800’s, the face of America was changing. As the Industrial Revolution took a firm hold here and around the world, the everyday life of common Americans was affected in almost unimaginable ways. Between 1885 and 1945, a sweeping change was taking place throughout the world. Large scale mechanization as well as new modern modes of transportation and communication changed the way people looked at the world (Rowland, 1997, p. 14). As thousands of new jobs were created, a large scale urban migration began. People were leaving the far... ... 10, 2005 from SIRS Knowledge Source at http://www.sirs.com Pure Food and Drug Act. Retrieved on March 30, 2005 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ah_072600_purefoodandd.htm Rowland, P. (1997). Designing the modern world: the messages of objects, and design,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  shape our perception of the modern world. Carnegie Magazine, 8, 14+. Sherman Antitrust Act. Retrieved on March 30, 2005 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.bartleby.com/65/sh/ShermanA.html Thayer, W.R. (1919). The Square Deal in action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retrieved March 15, 2005 from http://www.bartleby.com The Interstate Commerce Act. Retrieved on March 30, 2005 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h921.html Wattenberg, B and Mazzetti, M. (1998). Rough riding into the 20th century. American Legion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magazine, 28, 32-36.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Rational Choice Theory Essay

â€Å"Man is a rational animal who always loses his temper when he is called upon to act in accordance with the dictates of reason. † As seen from Oscar Wilde’s famous quote, rationality is one of the most crucial and controversial subjects in studying human behavior. To study and examine this rationality, numerous scholars have tried to establish their own theories and generalize their explanation with empirical evidences from real world, which ultimately produces so called, the theory of rational choice. Rational Choice Theory is an approach to understand human behavior. The approach has long been the dominant paradigm in economics, but in recent several decades it has become more widely used in other fileds such as Sociology, Political Science, and Anthropology. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of rational choice theory and briefly discuss its basic assumptions, critiques, political implication, and alternative explanations of individual choice mechanism. First of all, historical backgrounds of rational choice theory and its transition from the field of Economics to that of Political Science will be elaborated. Next, various definitions and meanings of the rational choice will be discussed. The basic assumptions of the rational choice approach with political implication will be followed. Several issues raised by rational choice theory will be followed after this discussion. This paper will suggest some of the main criticisms that have been levied against the rational choice approach. Limited empirical validity of rational choice theory and methodological individualism, which reveals innate problematic nature of the theory, will be discussed. Finally, alternative explanations of individual choice mechanism will sum up this discussion. Before elaborating its theoretical discussion, it is necessary to discuss historical backgrounds of rational choice theory. In the article, â€Å"A Genealogy of Rational Choice: Rationalism, Elitism, and Democracy†, Maloy introduces Skinner’s analysis of behaviorism as fundamental background for the discussion of rational choice theory. He argues that, â€Å"Skinner’s analysis deserves the attention of the recent debates around rational choice ecause it calls attention to the ineluctable ideological features of methodological debate† (Maloy 751). According to Maloy, Skinner could â€Å"clarify the sorts of normative force which attach to empirical theories in social sciences by a close textual analysis of some leading contributions to the behaviorist debate†, which ultimately enables the discussion of rational choice to be furthered applied into different fields of study (Maloy 751). Milton Freidman is another crucial figure that provides profound theoretical base for discussing rational choice theory. In â€Å"The Methodology of Positive Economics†, Friedman argues that people and firms make decisions that can maximize their profit under perfect information. He defended rational choice model by arguing that, â€Å"a theory should be judged by its predictive accuracy, not the realism of its assumptions† (Friedman 10). His argument provides theoretical foundations of rational choice theory in Economics, even though it is often criticized by later scholars because of its weak empirical validity and ceteris paribus nature. While rational choice theory has been dominant paradigm in Economics, it has become â€Å"adapted and adjusted in a number of ways to fit† different fields of study such as Political Science; Maloy explains that â€Å"the distinctiveness of the rational choice approach among political scientists consists, in general terms, in the use of economic models to explain and predict political behavior (Maloy 753). Maloy points out three prominent figures, Arrow, Downs, and Olson as rational choice founders especially in the field of political science. According to Maloy, Arrow’s work focuses on so called, â€Å"collective rationality whose underlying purpose is to measure collective choices using standards normally applied to individual choices (Maloy 753). Down uses Arrow’s collective rationality as the starting point of his study and â€Å"aims to articulate a behavior rule for democratic governments so that they could be included in economic theories of general equilibrium, alongside non-state agents like private firms and consumers (Maloy 754). Finally, Olson’s analysis has taken â€Å"the key elements of Arrow’s and Down’s constructs and applied them to a narrower field†; He argues that â€Å"as long as the service provided by a voluntary association is a public good on which an individual can ride-free, there is no incentive actually to take on the costs associated with joining, membership and participation, unless the marginal contribution of that individual appreciably advances the organizational cause† (Maloy 754). All three choice founders’ works have enabled rational choice theory to be in the central place of political discussion in â€Å"the creative and cross-disciplinary ways† (Maloy 755). By arguing that voting results have no specific social meaning, voting has no individual efficacy, and participation in interest group activity has no special individual efficacy, these rational choice founders could criticize unrealistic and irrational assumptions and norms of traditional democratic system and bring rational choice model to the place of political discussion from the field of Economics (Maloy 755). Rational Choice Theory generally starts with consideration of the choice behavior of individual decision-making units, which in economics are often consumers and firms. The theory suggests that the individual decision-making unit is certain larger group such as buyers or sellers in a particular market. Once individual behavior is set up, the analysis generally moves on to examine how individual choices interact to produce outcomes. Then, what does it mean by arguing that a choice is rational? In rational choice theory it means that an agent’s choices reflect the most preferred possible alternative among given opportunities. In other words, choices must reflect utility maximization. Elinor Ostrom defines rational choice theory as a guide to â€Å"understand humans as self-interested, short-term maximizers† in his work, â€Å"A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action† (Ostrom 2). In the article, â€Å"The Political Psychology of Rational Choice Theory†, William H.  Riker also suggests that â€Å"the rational choice model begins with the assumption that actors know what they want and can order their wants transitively† (Riker 25). â€Å"Transitively† here means that an agent of rational choice model can do so called, â€Å"a transitive ordering†; â€Å"To know what one wants requires one to choose the best from among several goals and, failing to attain it, to choose the second best, etc† (Riker 24). This formulation of ordering enables an agent to pursue the best option with given constraints that limit choices he or she can have. In their work, â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†, Coleman and Fararo define rational choice sociologically as they use the term, â€Å"models of purposive action†, rather than rational choice; â€Å"These models rest on the assumption that actors are purposive which means they act in ways that tend to produce beneficial results† (Coleman and Fararo 21). These several definitions point out that choices pursuing utility maximization and outcomes made by these choices are key elements in rational choice theory. Then how is different when rational choice theory is applied into the field of Political Science instead of other fields of study such as Economics and Sociology? According to Riker, Economists’ main concern for rational choice is â€Å"the process and outcomes produced by voluntary exchange, where of course, all participants benefit. On the other hand, â€Å"Politics mainly concerns processes and outcomes produced by group decisions which are practically binding on those who cannot resign from the group. Thus, there can be losers and winners in politics according to Riker’s argument (Riker 24). Although Rational choice theory has long been the dominant paradigm in Economics and other fields of study, it has been subject to vigorous criticism. In â€Å"Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory†, Don Green and Ian Shapiro raises several empirical problems that rational choice theory possess; they â€Å"conclude that a number of methodological deficiencies plague empirical applications of rational choice models. They argue that, â€Å"fundamental and recurrent methodological failings rooted in the universalist aspirations that motivate so much rational choice theorizing† (Freidman 59). According to Green and Shapiro, â€Å"these mistakes stem from a method-driven rather than a problem-driven approach to research, in which practitioners are more eager to vindicate one or another universalist model than to understand and explain actual political outcomes† (Friedman 59). Green and Shapiro’s argument can be summarized into three propositions; â€Å"there is a list of methodological characteristics that are undesirable in an empirical science and are thus to be avoided. † â€Å"Empirical applications of rational choice theory are more likely to commit these mistakes than other types of empirical analysis in political science. â€Å"These pathologies are not due to and historical coincidence, but are rooted in fundamental characteristics of rational choice theory, especially its universalist aspirations and the lack of specificity in the rational actor assumption† (Freidman 60). These propositions suggest that rational choice theory has its empirical limit for testing and predicting actual political outcomes. In detail, Green and Shapiro point out several problems of rational choice theory that possibly undermines the empirical validity of the theory itself. Post hoc theory development† known to statisticians as â€Å"curve fitting† is one of these problems that rational choice theory contains. Green and Shapiro â€Å"contend that rather than formulating bold predictions that are falsifiable by empirical evidence, rational choice theorist tend first to look at the empirical evidence, then design a rational choice model that fits it† (Friedman 5). Another problem raised by Green and Shapiro is rational choice theorists’ engagement in â€Å"arbitrary domain restriction† (Friedman 5). As discussed earlier, certain restrictions or constraints enable â€Å"a transitive ordering† in rational choice theory. Green and Shapiro argue that these constraints and restrictions are defined in ambiguous ways in rational choice model, which ultimately makes the empirical validity of the theory weakened. Green and Shapiro’s examination of the phenomenon of voting behavior is another major example that shows these problems rational choice theory innately possesses. â€Å"In a real-world election with a large electorate, it is instrumentally irrational for anyone to case a ballot, since no single vote has more than an infinitesimal chance of deciding the outcome. Whether one favors selfish or selfless ends, virtually any activity in pursuit of those ends would be more effective than the time spent on voting and on educating oneself about candidates and issues. Yet hundreds of millions of people do vote. For rational choice theory, this would appear to be a gigantic anomaly† (Friedman 6); As noted earlier, rational choice theory presumes that an agent of the model seeks best possible outcomes to maximize his or her utility in given constraints. However, according to Green and Shapiro, in a real-world voting behavior does not confirm this assumption of rational choice theory where voters cast a ballot without having enough time to assess or predict its possible outcome and realizing whether his or her action of voting maximize benefit or not. Another issue raised by Green and Shapiro is free riding problem; While voters can easily pursue a free riding action on the efforts of others to help the cause succeed, there is no need for people to devote resources of time and money to cause desired results. In other words, â€Å"rational choice theory would seem to be refuted not only by people who vote, but by those who contribute small amounts of money to political campaigns, attend rallies, and engage in other forms of collective action designed to secure goals whose achievement is independent of the efforts of any single participant† (Friedman 7). As seen from Green and Shapiro’s founding, most criticisms of rational choice theory seem to be that the assumptions of the theory are not literally and completely true. No model can pass such a test, as all theories abstract from reality in certain way. Determining the empirical validity of a model would therefore seem to involve an examination of both feasibility of assumptions and conformity with real-world data. The most basic assumption of rational choice theory is that the primary unit of analysis is the individual decision-maker. Those who believe that groups are fundamental have criticized this assumption. This issue of so called, â€Å"methodological individualism† are dealt in many contexts in the social sciences. In the book, â€Å"Rational Choice Theory: Advocacy and Critique†, Coleman and Fararo argues that models of purposive action or rational choice model can be useful in explaining and predicting human behavior. They further their argument by saying that â€Å"because the values and beliefs of individuals are shaped primarily by the socializing influences of society, especially as mediated through social relationships with significant other, an understanding of the culture and structure of societies and of the positions of individuals within them is necessary† (Coleman and Fararo 22). According to Coleman and Fararo, major problem for applying rational choice model particularly into Economics and Political Science, in which the primary interest has been in aggregate level outcomes, â€Å"is that the postulate of purposive action has been linked to arbitrary and narrow assumptions about what individuals value and believe† (Coleman Fararo 33). Also the assumption that human behavior is narrowly self-interested and the use of the term rationality to refer to the efficient pursuit of economic benefits has often produced incorrect assumption that rational choice model are innately egoistic; â€Å"that they regard individuals as calculating the expected benefit to themselves of alternative lines of action and acting accordingly (Coleman and Fararo 34). Recent empirical evidences suggest that human beings are capable of acting in ways for the interests of others or the social group above their self-interest, which implies that the assumption of individual’s pursuit of self-interest does not match with reality. Coleman and Fararo further their discussion of this â€Å"methodological individualism† by arguing that a social norm can be one primary example, which refutes the basic assumption of rational choice model. According to Coleman and Fararo, â€Å"When a social norm is know to have been violated, some type of formal or informal sanction will result† (Coleman Fararo 35). Formal sanction like a legal code or a set of rules and informal sanction like a disapproval or social ostracism would affect individual’s choice making process. Therefore, unlike the basic assumption of rational choice model suggests that human behavior is oriented from self-interest, by the effect of social norms and values, individuals can consequently act in altruistic or selfless way for pursuing the interests of groups they are involved in. Because of its limit and problematic nature of rational choice theory, the need for alternative explanation has become necessary for many scholars who criticize the theory. Dennis Chong provides some insights for the possible alternative of rational choice theory in his article, â€Å"Rational Choice Theory’s Mysterious Rivals†. According to Chong, even though Green and Shapiro’s critique against rational choice theory has failed to provide complete form of alternative explanation, there are some theoretical debates and discussions that suggest possible theoretical replacement or revision. Chong argues that, â€Å"Green and Shapiro occasionally allude to the influence of social-psychological and moral factors† such as group loyalties, emotions, political identities, ideology, obligation, and altruism (Friedman 47). As found in Coleman and Fararo’s arguments that institutional or social factors can affect individual’s choice making process, many scholars further their discussion of this social motivation as the alternative of rational choice theory. In his article, â€Å"When Rationality Fails†, Michael Taylor argues that social identification and intrinsic motivation can explain some of significant social phenomenon and collective action that has been ignored by rational choice theory; â€Å"If a person defines herself as a member of a group, or if her membership in a group is made cognitively salient, then she is more likely to observe the group’s norms and cooperate with group members in social dilemmas† (Friedman 230). For intrinsic motivation, Taylor explains that there are some activities that are intrinsically motivating people to be participated such as interesting work, volunteering, and political activities. In this case the activity itself or enjoyment of that activity is the reward for people. When extrinsic rewards like money are introduced, intrinsic motivation would diminish (Friedman 231). By suggesting the concept of social identification and intrinsic motivation, problems of rational choice model for explaining some collective action can be resolved. In this paper, a sense of how rational choice theory works and of its methodological foundations has been introduced. It has also been noticed that rational choice theory is not an ultimate answer. The theory is subject to a number of criticisms, but there is no doubt that its influence in various fields of study have brought tremendous amounts of theoretical debates, and increased the depth of economic, sociological, and political discussions. It is impossible to attain complete knowledge about anything, especially social phenomena. However, it is certain that rational choice approach is one of most crucial theoretical resources for human beings to explore and examine to gain this ultimate answer. It can be useful or misleading, depending on how it is treated. It is responsibility of remaining and future scholars and people to correctly apply and use this theory with open-minded attitude.